Supplement 1 - David B Smith

"Those who fail to think outside the square will always be confined within it." Dave Smith, 2007
Supplement This web page is a supplement to the paper: On Gravity-Centric Cosmology and the Implications of a Universe Awash with Plasma A Broad introduction to Space Plasma Published in the The Open Astronomy Journal Special Issue #002 pp. 165-179 David B. Smith 2011 Click on images to access high resolution copies.



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 1 NGC 4319 and Quasar Makarian 205 apparently connected by a bridge of plasma.

Source image credits: Sulentic, J. and Arp, H. (1987) The galaxy-quasar connection - NGC 4319 and Markarian 205. I - Direct imagery. II - Spectroscopy, Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 319, Aug. 15, 1987, p. 687-708. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...319..687S Image inverted and annotations added.

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 2 Quasar apparently in front of NCG 7319.

Source image credits: NASA, J. English (U. Manitoba), S. Hunsberger (PSU), Z. Levay (STScI), S. Gallagher, and J. Charlton (PSU) http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2001/22/image/a/ Cropped and anotations added.

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 3 NASA endorsed artist's impression of a black hole. “This graphic shows the XMM-Newton spectrum, or X-ray energy signature, of RX J1242-11 alongside an artist's illustration of the event that was observed in this galaxy. The illustration shows a disk of gas being heated so that it glows in X-rays before being swallowed by the black hole. The gas in the disk is the debris from a star torn apart by tidal forces about 10 years earlier.”

Source image credits: Spectrum: ESA/XMM-Newton/S. Komossa et al. Illustration: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2004/rxj1242/more.html

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 4 Top: Insulator damaged by electrical discharge. Bottom: Portion of the Valles Marineras on Mars.

Source image credits: Insulator: EA Technology. Used with permission. Valles Marineras: NASA/JPL/USGS http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00422



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 4a (Supplement 1) Typical 'rayed crater' on the Moon. Curiously, the 'rays' are tangentially aligned rather than radial from the center of the 'impact'.

Source image credits: Google earth, NASA/USGS/JAXA/SELENE

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 5 Uncontrolled electric discharge to metal plate showing clusters of craters, 'rimshot' craters and a crater chain.

Source image credit: Thornhill, W. Used with permission.

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 6 Montage of crater chains and rimshot craters.

Source image credits: Crater chain montage: Mars: NASA/JPL/USGS http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00422 Ganymede: NASA/JPL/Brown University http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia01610 Callisto: Paul Schenk/Lunar & Planetary Institute http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/callisto.html Moon: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20100330-orientale.html Rimshot montage: Google Earth (Mars) Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G Neukum) Image: NASA/USGS



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 6a (Supplement 2) Phobos' striations appear to be crater chains.

Source image credits: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMK17CKP6G_1.html



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 6b (Supplement 3) Uluru, on which the markings closely match the striations of Phobos.

Source image credit: Google Earth

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 7 Left: Olympus Mons on Mars. Right: Electric discharge blister which closely resembles Olympus Mons.

Source image credits: Olympus Mons: Image Processing by Jody Swann/Tammy Becker/Alfred McEwen, using the PICS (Planetary Image Cartography System) image processing system developed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-mars.html#features Laboratory images: Browitt, R. and Thornhill, W. Planetary Electrical Scarring DVD, Mikamar Publishing, 2000. http://www.mikamar.biz

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 8 Left: Crater chains formed on a dusty CRT. Right: Craters on the dust filter of an air ionizer purifier.

Source image credits: Left: DZ Parker. Right: James St. Pe. http://www.electric-spark-scars.com



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 8a (Supplement 4) The two left-hand images are 'spiders' on a CRT, the right-hand images are 'spiders' on Mars.

Source image credits: Left upper and lower: DZ Parker http://www.electric-spark-scars.com Right upper: NASA/JPL?University of Arizona http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_003062_0930 Right lower: NASA/JPL?University of Arizona http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_014413_0930

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 9 Left: Europa. Right: Discharge to aluminum coated ball.

Source image credits: Left: NASA/JPL. Right: C. J. Ransom/Vemasat Laboratories. http://thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100625smallscale.htm

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 10 Cycloids on Europa.

Source image credits: Thornhill, W. Planetary Electrical Scarring DVD, Mikamar Publishing, 2000.

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 11 Concentric and radial rilles on Venus.



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 11a (Supplement 5) 6,800 km rille on Venus.



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 11b (Supplement 6) Fulgamites and straight rille with on-channel craters on Venus.

Source image credits: Thornhill, W. Planetary Electrical Scarring DVD, Mikamar Publishing, 2000.

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 12 Right-angle rille on Mars. “Channels Emanating from Fissure West of Olympus Mons Aureole”



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 12a (Supplement 7) A closer view of Figure 12.



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 12b (Supplement 8) Extreme close-up of Figure 12.

Source image credits: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_003292_2025

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 13 Proposed electrical circuit of the Sun.

Source image credit: Scott, D. E. The Electric Sky, Mikamar Publishing, 2006. http://www.mikamar.biz/book-info/tes-a.htm

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 14 Coma of comet 17P/Holmes compared in visual size to the Sun and Saturn. “(Left) Image of comet Holmes from the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii telescope on Mauna Kea showing the 1.4 million km diameter coma. The white ''star'' near the center of the coma is in fact the dust-shrouded nucleus. (Right) the Sun and planet Saturn shown at the same scale for comparison.”

Source image & quoted caption credits: Left: CFHT/Rachel Stevenson, David Jewitt (UCLA) and Pedro Lacerda (Queen's Univ. Belfast). http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/holmes.html Right: ESA/NASA/SOHO/Voyager.

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 15 Comparison of surfaces of a comet and an asteroid.

Source image credits: Comet Wild 2: NASA/JPL http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/wild2.html Asteroid Itokawa: ISAS, JAXA http://www.astronet.ru/db/varstars/msg/1210651

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 16 PIC galaxy simulation, simplified and colored. No dark matter required.



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 16a (Not in paper) PIC Galaxy simulation, animated.

Source image credits: Anthony L. Peratt/LANL Retrieved from: Wikimedia commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peratt's_galaxy_formation_simulation.jpg

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 17 Centaurus A electromagnetic emissions.

Source image credits: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al. Radio: NSF/VLA/Univ.Hertfordshire/M.Hardcastle. Optical: ESO/WFI/M.Rejkuba et al. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/cena/

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 18 Supernova 1987a



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 18a (Supplement 9) Supernova 1987a ring in x-ray and optical.

Source image credits: X-ray: NASA/CXC/PSU/S.Park & D.Burrows. Optical: NASA/STScI/CfA/P.Challis. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/sn87a/



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 18b (Supplement 10) Z-Pinch morphology.

Source image credits: Thornhill, W. Used with permission.



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 18c (Supplement 11) MWC 922 - The Red Square nebula.

Source image credits: Peter Tuthill, Sydney University Physics Dept. Palomar and W.M. Keck observatories http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/redsquare.html



[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 18d (Not in paper) Graphic representation of the likely structure of MWC 922 (Red Square nebula).

Image credits: Peter Tuthill, Sydney University Physics Dept. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/redsquare.html

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 19 “Flux Ropes Power the Magnetosphere!: THEMIS discovered a flux rope pumping a 650,000 Amp current into the Arctic.”

Source image credits: NASA/GSFC http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/auroras/northern_lights_multi.html

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[Click image for higher resolution] Figure 20 The hexagon at Saturn's north pole, for which there is no currently accepted explanation.

Source image credits: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09188

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© David B. Smith 2011 davesmith_au@plasmaresources.com

Supplement

On Gravity-Centric Cosmology and the Implications of a Universe Awash with Plasma

A Broad introduction to Space Plasma

On Gravity-Centric Cosmology and
the Implications of a Universe Awash with Plasma